Britanya Hindistanı

Britanya Hindistanı
Hintçe: ब्रिटिश राज
İngilizce: British Raj
Britanya Hindistanı Hintçe: ब्रिटिश राज; İngilizce: British Raj
1858-1947
	Bayrak Arma
	Britanya Hindistanı’nın genel sınırları. Açık yeşil Muskat ve Umman kısmi kontrol altındaydı. Somaliland ve Malaya sadece birkaç yıl Hindistan tarafından yönetildi. Aden 1937’de ayrıldı.
Tür	İmparatorluk siyasi yapısı (doğrudan Genel Vali aracılığıyla taç tarafından yönetilen eyaletler ve prenslikler)
Başkent	Kalküta (1858–1911) ; Yeni Delhi (1911/1931–1947)
Resmî dil(ler)	İngilizce; Urduca
Demonim	Hintliler, Britanya Hintlileri
Hükûmet	Koloni / Taç yönetimi
Kraliçe-İmparatoriçe / Kral-İmparator
• 1858–1901
• 1858–1901	Victoria
• 1901–1910	VII. Edward
• 1910–1936	V. George
• 1936	VIII. Edward
• 1936–1947 (son)	VI. George
Genel Vali / Viceroy
• 1858–1862 (ilk)
• 1858–1862 (ilk)	Charles Canning
• 1947 (son)	Louis Mountbatten
Hindistan Bakanı
• 1858–1859 (ilk)
• 1858–1859 (ilk)	Edward Stanley
• 1947 (son)	William Hare
Yasama organı	İmparatorluk Yasama Konseyi
• Üst meclis	Devlet Konseyi
• Alt meclis	Merkezi Yasama Meclisi
Tarihçe
• 1857 Hint İsyanı
• 1857 Hint İsyanı	10 Mayıs 1857
• 1858 Hindistan Yasası	2 Ağustos 1858
• 1947 Hindistan Bağımsızlık Yasası	18 Temmuz 1947
• Hindistan'ın bölünmesi	14–15 Ağustos 1947
Yüzölçümü
1941	4.993.650 km² km2
Nüfus
• 1941
• 1941	389.000.000
Para birimi	Briton Hint rupisi
Öncüller	Ardıllar
	Doğu Hindistan Şirketi yönetimindeki Hindistan
	Babürlüler
Hindistan Dominyonu
Pakistan Dominyonu
Günümüzdeki durumu	Hindistan; Pakistan; Bangladeş; Myanmar; Sri Lanka; Maldivler;
	a 1876-1947 arası kullanıldı. b 1858-1876 arası İngiltere Kraliçesi olarak yönetti. c Tam adı "Viceroy ve Hindistan Genel Valisi" idi.

Britanya Hindistanı, Sömürge Hindistanı, Britanya Râjı ya da Hindistan İmparatorluğu (/rɑːdʒ/ RAHJ; Hindustânî rāj, 'hükümranlık', 'yönetim' veya 'hükûmet' kelimesinden gelir), 1858'den 1947'ye kadar Hint alt kıtası üzerinde hüküm süren Britanya Kraliyeti yönetimiydi. Bu dönem ayrıca Hindistan'da Kraliyet yönetimi veya Hindistan'da doğrudan yönetim olarak da adlandırılır. Britanya kontrolü altındaki bölge, o zamanki kullanımda yaygın olarak Hindistan olarak adlandırılmaktaydı; bu bölge, Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı tarafından doğrudan idare edilen ve topluca Britanya Hindistanı olarak bilinen alanlar ile yerli hükümdarlarca yönetilen ancak Britanya süzerenliği altında bulunan prenslik devletlerini kapsamaktaydı. Bölge, resmî olmasa da bazen Hindistan İmparatorluğu olarak da anılmıştır. Hindistan olarak, Milletler Cemiyeti'nin kurucu üyesi ve 1945'te San Francisco'da Birleşmiş Milletler'in kurucu üyesi olmuştur. Hindistan; 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932 ve 1936 yıllarındaki Yaz Olimpiyatları'na katılan bir devlet olmuştur.

Resmi dili olan Hindustanî ile Hindu dili aynı diller değildir. Hindustanî bir Hindu-Urdu dilidir. Para birimi olarak "British Indian Rupee" (Britanya Hint Rupisi) kullanılırdı. İlk başta Doğu Hindistan Ticaret şirketi bölgede faaliyet gösteriyordu. İngilizler ve Hollandalılar bölgede hakim ticaret güçleriydiler. Babür İmparatorluğunun yıkılmasıyla İngilizler Hindistan'ı ele geçirdiler ve 1947'ye kadar üstünlüklerini kabul ettirdiler.

Bu yönetim sistemi, 1857 Hint Ayaklanması'nın ardından, 28 Haziran 1858 tarihinde Doğu Hindistan Şirketi'nin idaresinin (1876'da Hindistan İmparatoriçesi ilan edilecek olan) Kraliçe Victoria şahsında Kraliyet'e devredilmesiyle tesis edilmiştir. Bu süreç, Britanya Rajı'nın 1947 yılında iki egemen dominyon devletine bölünmesine kadar sürmüştür: Hindistan Dominyonu (sonradan Hindistan Cumhuriyeti) ve Pakistan Dominyonu (sonradan Pakistan İslam Cumhuriyeti ve 1971 Bangladeş Bağımsızlık Bildirisi ile Bangladeş Halk Cumhuriyeti). 1858'de Raj'ın başlangıcında, Aşağı Birmanya zaten Britanya Hindistanı'nın bir parçasıydı; 1858'de Raj döneminin başladığı yıllarda, Aşağı Birmanya hâlihazırda Britanya Hindistanı'nın bir parçasıydı; 1886'da Yukarı Birmanya'nın da ilhak edilmesiyle oluşan Birmanya, 1937'de müstakil bir Britanya sömürgesi olana dek özerk bir eyalet statüsünde idare edilmiş ve 1948'de istiklalini kazanmıştır. Bölge, 1989 yılında Myanmar olarak yeniden adlandırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda yine Raj döneminin başladığı yıllarda Britanya Hindistanı'na bağlı olan Aden Vilayeti de benzer şekilde 1937 yılında Aden Kolonisi adıyla ayrı bir sömürgeye dönüştürülmüştür.

Britanya Hint Rupisi, 1917.

Ayrıca bakınız

Bağımsızlık Günü (Hindistan)

Notlar

^ 1911’de ilan edildi, 1931’de resmen açıldı.

Kaynakça

^ Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
^ Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3, Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.
^ Salim Çevik (10 Mayıs 2013). Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu. SETA. ss. 15-. ISBN 978-605-4023-24-0.
^
* "Raj, the". The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2nd bas.). Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-860981-0. Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'
- "RAJ definition and meaning". Collins Online Dictionary. 2 Mart 2026 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947
^
* Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-44787-4, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.
- Salomone, Rosemary (2022), The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language, Oxford University Press, s. 236, ISBN 978-0-19-062561-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.
^
* Steinback, Susie L. (2012), Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, s. 68, ISBN 978-0-415-77408-6, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the same).
- Ahmed, Omar (2015), Studying Indian Cinema, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), s. 221, ISBN 978-1-80034-738-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947.
- Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History, Oxford University Press, s. 537, ISBN 978-0-19-968569-1, More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities [...] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called Crown rule in India
- Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, s. 61, ISBN 978-0-19-989270-9, [...] by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that [...]
^
* Glanville, Luke (2013), Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History, University of Chicago Press, s. 120, ISBN 978-0-226-07708-6, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi23 Ağustos 2020 Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."
- Pykett, Lyn (2006), Wilkie Collins, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, s. 160, ISBN 978-0-19-284034-9, In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British.
- Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents, Duke University Press, s. 71, ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7, Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.
^ Bowen, H. V.; Mancke, Elizabeth; Reid, John G. (2012), Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850, Cambridge University Press, s. 106, ISBN 978-1-107-02014-6 Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."
^ Mansergh, Nicholas (1974), Constitutional relations between Britain and India, Londra: His Majesty's Stationery Office, s. xxx, ISBN 978-0-11-580016-019 Eylül 2013 Quote: "India Executive Council: Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V. T. Krishnamachari served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."
^ Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; "British Raj Independence movement" isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)

[1] 1911’de ilan edildi, 1931’de resmen açıldı.

[2] Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, ISBN 978-90-04-17731-4, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

[3] Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, ISBN 978-0-8047-9153-3, Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

[Çevik2013-4] Salim Çevik (10 Mayıs 2013). Pakistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu. SETA. ss. 15-. ISBN 978-605-4023-24-0.

[5] * "Raj, the". The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2nd bas.). Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-860981-0. Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'
"RAJ definition and meaning". Collins Online Dictionary. 2 Mart 2026 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

[6] "RAJ definition and meaning". Collins Online Dictionary. 2 Mart 2026 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

[def-raj-stacked-6] * Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-44787-4, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.
Salomone, Rosemary (2022), The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language, Oxford University Press, s. 236, ISBN 978-0-19-062561-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

[8] Salomone, Rosemary (2022), The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language, Oxford University Press, s. 236, ISBN 978-0-19-062561-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

[british-raj-crown-rule-stacked-7] * Steinback, Susie L. (2012), Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain, London and New York: Routledge, s. 68, ISBN 978-0-415-77408-6, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the same).
Ahmed, Omar (2015), Studying Indian Cinema, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), s. 221, ISBN 978-1-80034-738-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947.

Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History, Oxford University Press, s. 537, ISBN 978-0-19-968569-1, More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities [...] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called Crown rule in India

Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, s. 61, ISBN 978-0-19-989270-9, [...] by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that [...]

[10] Ahmed, Omar (2015), Studying Indian Cinema, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), s. 221, ISBN 978-1-80034-738-0, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi24 Mayıs 2022, The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947.

[11] Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History, Oxford University Press, s. 537, ISBN 978-0-19-968569-1, More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities [...] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called Crown rule in India

[12] Fair, C. Christine (2014), Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War, Oxford University Press, s. 61, ISBN 978-0-19-989270-9, [...] by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that [...]

[direct-rule-stacked-8] * Glanville, Luke (2013), Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History, University of Chicago Press, s. 120, ISBN 978-0-226-07708-6, 23 Eylül 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi23 Ağustos 2020 Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."
Pykett, Lyn (2006), Wilkie Collins, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, s. 160, ISBN 978-0-19-284034-9, In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British.

Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents, Duke University Press, s. 71, ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7, Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.

[14] Pykett, Lyn (2006), Wilkie Collins, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, s. 160, ISBN 978-0-19-284034-9, In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British.

[15] Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents, Duke University Press, s. 71, ISBN 978-0-8223-7564-7, Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.

[9] Bowen, H. V.; Mancke, Elizabeth; Reid, John G. (2012), Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850, Cambridge University Press, s. 106, ISBN 978-1-107-02014-6 Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."

[mansergh-UN-SanFrancisco2-10] Mansergh, Nicholas (1974), Constitutional relations between Britain and India, Londra: His Majesty's Stationery Office, s. xxx, ISBN 978-0-11-580016-019 Eylül 2013 Quote: "India Executive Council: Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V. T. Krishnamachari served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."

[British_Raj_Independence_movement-11] Kaynak hatası: Geçersiz <ref> etiketi; "British Raj Independence movement" isimli refler için metin sağlanmadı (Bkz: Kaynak gösterme)